Dr Hafiz Aziz ur Rehman, and Prof Dr Sh. Shafiq ur Rehman. “The Emergence of The Arabic Language in Europe Since the Middle Ages”. AL-USWAH Research Journal 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2023). Accessed September 29, 2025. https://idr.com.pk/ojs3308/index.php/aluswa/article/view/77.